? Measure the cost effectiveness of technically, socio-economically, and environmentally innovative and replicable approaches to excreta and solid waste management in low income semi-urban settlements in a part of Asia that has lagged behind in sanitation. ? Measurable improvement in sanitation conditions. ? Scale up the tested approaches through integration of lessons learned in sanitation policies and implementation programmes of local and state governments. ? Strengthen interdisciplinary cooperation and implementation skills of the participating research and civil society institutions through knowledge exchange, cross-regional training and joint documentation of studies, interventions and results.